Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have nowadays become outstanding rechargeable energy storage devices with rapidly expanding fields of applications due to convenient features like high energy density, high power density, long life cycle and not having memory effect. Currently, the areas of LIBs are ranging from conventional consumer electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) to aerospace applications. To maintain the demand of widespread application, LIBs. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have nowadays become outstanding rechargeable energy storage devices with rapidly expanding fields of applications due to convenient features like high energy density, high power density, long life cycle and not having memory effect. Currently, the areas of LIBs are ranging from conventional consumer electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) to aerospace applications. To maintain the demand of widespread application, LIBs with certain specific features are the focus to meet the purpose-oriented requirements. High energy density is one of the prime requirements in the case of vehicular application of LIBs to address the issue of the limited driving range of EVs. The expected acceleration in the commercial growth of EVs is being impeded due to the present level of the driving range offered by the LIB pack. However, this issue can be improved by increasing the energy density of LIBs at the cell level. Because the same size of LIB pack with high energy density LIB cells will deliver a higher amount of power to extend the driving range of EVs. Elevated energy density in the cell level of LIBs can be achieved by either designing LIB cells by selecting suitable materials and combining and modifying those materials through various cell engineering techniques which is a materials-based design approach or optimizing the cell design parameters using a parameter-based design approach. In this paper, a comprehensive review of existing literature on LIB cell design to maximize the energy density with an ai. Lithium-ion batteriesEnergy densityElectric vehiclesDriving rangeMaterials-based designParameter-based designThe applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widespread including electric vehicles (EVs) and hybridelectric vehicles (HEVs) because of their lucrative characteristics such as high energy density, long cycle life, environmental friendliness, high power density, low self-discharge, and the absence of memory effect [,, ]. In addition, other features like cost, safety, and charge-discharge rate are also considered in case of increasing adaptations of LIBs in various applications. In the case of EV applications of LIBs, technological and environmental benefits are huge such as zero tailpipe emissions in operations, fewer vibrations, and sounds, and requiring less maintenance.Applications of LIBs are currently expanding at an accelerated pace to encompass a wide range of fields including military vehicles. To keep pace with the ongoing accelerated expansion of LIB applications in various fields, in-depth research has been performed relating to the cost, safety, strength, and use of LIBs. Moreover, enhancing energy and power density, improving safety, and decreasing charge time, as well as cost, have become the recent research areas. In addition, specific field-oriented investigations are getting increasing focus to produce LIBs of excellent performance with minimized limitations. For example, the present level of the energy density of 100–265 Whkg−1 of LIBs, which is still significantly less than that of gasoline, further needs to be increased to a higher value of ≥350 Whkg−1to attain the e. Though Lithium (Li) was discovered by Arfwedson and Berzelius in 1817, Lewis started exploring its electrochemical properties after almost one hundred years of discovery. Afterward, Li was considered as a battery material because of its' outstanding properties such as low density, high specific capacity, and low redox potentials. Some primary LIBs were available in the market since the late 1960s after the solubility of Li had been examined in a non-aqueous solution by Harris. For instance, lithium‑sulfur dioxide (Li//SO2) was commercialized in 1969, lithium-polycarbon monofluoride (Li//(CFx)n) in 1973, Lithium‑manganese oxides (Li//MnO2) in 1975, etc. Moreover, primary lithium batteries like Li-metal anode//Li‑iodine electrolyte//Polyvinyle-Pyridine polyphase cathode (Li//LiI//Li2PVP) have been used in cardiac pacemakers since 1972 and lithium‑copper oxide (Li//CuO) batteries are still in use today. At the same time, research was being carried out regarding Li-ion intercalation-de-intercalation to develop intercalation cathodes that led to the discovery of rechargeable secondary lithium-ion batteries. Particularly, the successful application of lithium‑iodine primary battery coupled with the demand for small-sized, reasonably-priced power sources for the popular devices of consumer electronics such as electronic watches, toys, and cameras moved the lithium battery development forward in the 1970s with a potentiality of rechargeable lithium batteries.A LIB cell typically comprises a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode), which are connected by dint of a medium called electrolyte. A separator, which is usually a micro porous polymer membrane allowing movement of Li+ but not permitting electrons to pass through, is placed in the middle of the electrodes to isolate them from one another. An electrolyte, which is non-aqueous and is one of the major components of LIBs and can be either organic, inorganic, hybrid, or composite, facilitates the movement of Li-ions between the electrodes. The positive and negative electrode materials are powders that are attached to the positive current collector and negative current collector respectively. Aluminum foil with a thickness of 15 to 20 ɥm is used as the positive current collector and copper foil having a thickness of 8 to 18 ɥm is used as the negative current collector. In addition, binders are used to attain good cohesion among electrode particles and adhesion between current collectors and electrodes. Fig. 2 shows the major components and the working principle of a LIB cell.Despite the exploration of many kinds of cathodes, anodes, separators, and electrolytes, the basic working principle of a LIB remains almost the same as it was decades ago. Electrodes are connected to an external source of energy during charging. Hence, the electrons of the Li atoms in the cathode materials.
